美国印第安纳论文代写:现象学无结构
Keywords:美国印第安纳论文代写:现象学无结构
现象学研究通常是无结构的，没有特定的“设计”或“格式”。研究者可以自由地按照他们认为合适的方式进行，仅仅是确保他们符合哲学的基本原则，特别是强调第一人称，并针对他们的意识体验。设置通常是现实的或自然的，所以举例来说，没有试图将病人从他们的自然环境中“移除”。实验研究传统上是高度结构化的。研究人员可以使用特定的设计，每个设计都有设置的参数或协议。将受试者随机分配到不同的条件是至关重要的，这样可以最大限度地减少有害变量的组合效应。因此，招募作为参与者的个人样本是至关重要的。它们可以暴露在实验的所有条件下，导致组内设计，或者只分配到其中一个条件下，创建组间设计。自变量和因变量必须明确指定，这样就不存在被操纵的条件、因果关系的方向和结果度量的不确定性。现象学无结构这种设置通常是人为的——例如实验室——不太真实。有必要指出的是，一些神经现象学研究假设意识体验是大脑神经活动的一种功能，即神经现象学。这与生理科学的重叠意味着实验设计可以用来确定意识体验的某些方面的真实性(例如，确定运动活动的体验是否伴随着大脑适当区域的电活动)。
美国印第安纳论文代写:现象学无结构
Phenomenological research is typically unstructured, with no specific ‘design’ or ‘format’. The researcher is at liberty to proceed as they see fit, merely ensuring that they conform to the basic tenets of philosophy, notably emphasising the first-person and targeting their conscious experience. The setting is usually realistic or naturalistic, so for example, no attempt is made to ‘remove’ the patient from their natural environment[1]. Experimental research is traditionally highly structured. There are specific designs available to the researcher, each with set parameters or protocols. Randomisation of subjects to conditions is critical, to minimise the counfounding effects of nuisance variables. Therefore it is essential to recruit a sample of individuals who serve as participants. They can either be exposed to all conditions of the experiment, leading to a within-groups design, or assigned to just one of the conditions, creating a between-groups design. Independent and dependent variables must be specified clearly, so that there is no uncertainty about the conditions being manipulated, the direction of causality, and outcome measures. The setting is typically artificial – for example a laboratory – with a low degree of realism. It is important to point out that some phenonemonological research assumes that conscious experience is a function of neurological activity in the brain, known as neurophenomenology. This overlap with physiological sciences means that an experimental design may be used to establish the authenticity of certain aspects of conscious experience (e.g. determining whether an experience of motor activity is accompanied by electrical activity in the appropriate regions of the brain).
