美国爱荷华论文代写:现象学问题

Keywords:美国爱荷华论文代写:现象学问题

现象学问题通常是探索性的，问一个人是如何有意识地经历一种现象的，比如疾病。没有假设。根据现象学领域的不同，这个问题可以采取几种形式中的任何一种。例如，存在现象学将探究人的自由选择体验(如选择治疗)，生成现象学将参照历史因素(如疾病在其社会中的历史解释方式)探索现象对个体的意义，而先验现象学则会完全排除外部环境(例如，无论医院环境、治疗方法和其他外部因素如何影响疾病的体验)的问题，而询问患者的意识体验。实验问题通常更精确，即两个或多个变量之间是否存在关系。这个问题通常伴随着可测试的假设，它指定了关系是否存在以及关系的方向(即积极或消极)。因此，例如，实验者会问，一种特定的干预是否能治愈疾病，并提出一个假设(例如，干预能显著改善健康结果)。现象学问题不太可能的现象学，实验方法很少涉及探索性或开放性的问题，因为它要求所有变量(独立的和依赖的)都是预先指定的。然而，假设的陈述可以是“双尾”的，因此两个变量之间预期的精确关系是“开放的”
美国爱荷华论文代写:现象学问题
Phenomenological questions typically exploratory, asking how an individual has consciously experienced a phenomenon, such as illness or disease. There are no hypotheses. The question can take any one of several forms, depending on the area of phenomenology. For example, existential phenomenology will inquire about the persons’ experience of free choice (e.g. in selecting their treatment), generative phenomenology will explore the meaning of the phenomena to the individual with reference to historical factors (e.g. the way a disease has historically been interpreted in their society), while a transcendental phenomenology will ask about the person’s conscious experiences completely excluding questions about the external environment (e.g. how the disease is experienced, regardless the hospital environment, treatments, and other external factors). Experimental questions are often more precise, asking whether there is a relationship between two or more variables. The question is usually accompanied by testable hypotheses, which specify whether or not a relationship exists and the direction (i.e. positive or negative) of the relationship. So, for example the experimenter will ask whether a particular intervention will cure the illness, accompanied by a hypothesis (e.g. the intervention significantly improves health outcomes). Unlikely phenomenology, the experimental approach rarely involves exploratory or open-ended questions as it is a requirement that all variables (independent and dependent) are specified a priori. However, statements of hypotheses can be “two-tailed” whereby the precise relationship expected between two variables is left “open”