美国伊利诺伊作业代写:实证主义

Keywords:美国伊利诺伊作业代写:实证主义

实证主义为随后的辩论奠定了基础，而“定量革命”则是导火索。在20世纪50年代，地理学“作为一门科学的声誉不高”，导致实证主义和定量方法在人文地理学方面的增加，因为这门学科试图通过根据观察证据制定法律来使自己合法(Unwin, 1992年第106页)。事实上，地理学已经从传统的具体描述方法戏剧性地转变为一种以证据和统计数据为基础而蓬勃发展的法理学方法。当然，这两种方法在当代地理学中仍然存在，但实证主义研究的兴起是不可否认的。当然，这也让我们看到，有一半的地理差异指向了他们的实证主义对手。如引言所述，针对人文地理学实证主义的批评大多是基于其浅显的本质、笼统的表述和缺乏规范性问题。对实证主义方法的第一个主要批评是它过于倾向于关注空间，这被称为“空间拜物教”。利文斯通(1992,p.328)甚至认为，“地理学与逻辑实证主义词汇的对抗……是一种后设手段，使其重新建构为空间科学的企图合理化”。地理不应该仅仅局限于空间和尺度，它应该被称为人文地理，因为它的目的应该是揭示人们与世界和彼此之间的经验和相互作用。如果实证主义的目的是优先考虑“空间科学”而不是其他地理位置，那么批评它当然很容易。如果大多数的研究仅仅基于定量的空间分析和建模，那么该学科的进展肯定是有限的。Sack(1980)认为实证地理学的空间feitsh是以地理的所有其他方面为代价的。
美国伊利诺伊作业代写:实证主义
Whilst positivism set the groundwork for the debates that are to follow, the ‘quantitative revolution’ acted as the trigger. In the 1950s Geography’s “low reputation as a science” led to an increase in positivist and quantitative approaches to human geography as the discipline attempted to legitimise itself by producing laws based on observational evidence (Unwin, 1992 p.106). Indeed geography had shifted dramatically from a traditional idiographic descriptive approach to that of a nomothetic, thriving on evidence and statistics. Of course both approaches are still present in contemporary geography, yet the rise in positivist research is undeniable. This of course leads us to the criticisms that one half of the geographical divide have levelled at their positivistic adversaries.As outlined in the introduction, most of the criticisms aimed at positivism in human geography are loosely based around its shallow nature, sweeping statements and lack of normative questions. The first major critique of the positivist approach is its over tendency to focus on space, this has been termed ‘spatial fetishism’. Livingstone (1992, p.328) goes as far as to suggest that “Geography’s confrontation with the vocabulary of logical positivism… was a post hoc means of rationalizing its attempt to reconstitute itself as a spatial science”. Geography should be covering more than just space and scales, indeed it is called human geography as its intent should be to uncover peoples experiences and interactions with the world and each other. It is certainly easy to criticise positivism if its purpose was to prioritise ‘spatial science’ over other geographies. The progress of the discipline would certainly be limited if the majority of research was based only on quantitative spatial analysis and modelling. Sack (1980) agrees that positivistic geography’s spatial feitsh has been at the expense of all other aspects of geography.